Guide to Understanding Laser Powers

The energy produced by a single laser pulse is referred to as pulse energy. If your specific application requires a UV laser marker with less energy, you can modify this parameter to attain the desired results. Consider a scenario where a UV system with a 355 nm wavelength, operating at just 2.5 Watts, outperforms a 50 W fibre laser at 1090 nm wavelength on various plastics. The shorter wavelength provides a faster mark and better quality, highlighting how pulse energy is not just about power.

Pulse duration, or pulse length, signifies the length of time the laser emits a pulse. If the pulse is shorter, it means the peak power is high. This parameter matters the most in applications where precise length timing is needed, such as laser surgery or spectroscopy.

Regardless of wattage, pulse duration can significantly impact the efficiency of the marking process. For example, a high-power laser marker with 100 W and a pulse duration of 10 ns has a less intense pulse than a 25 W marker with a shorter pulse duration of 5 ns. The shorter pulse allows for more precision and detail.

The pulse repetition rate indicates how frequently pulses are emitted per unit time. It is often expressed in kilohertz (kHz) or hertz (Hz). It's crucial in applications needing continuous processing, such as UV laser marking, cutting, or welding. You can use a high-power laser where more pulses per second are required. For example, a 100 W laser can release 100,000 pulses of 1 MJ per second. But one thing to be noted here is that if you need to increase pulses, you have to lower the pulse energy.

Laser energy can be distributed unevenly as laser beams can have different shapes. So, spot size refers to the diameter of the laser beam where its intensity is most focused. A smaller spot size means higher energy peaks, so if you are undergoing a process like laser etching and need to go deep into the material, a small spot size will work.
Although a larger spot size covers a bigger surface, it sacrifices detail and precision. For example, a 50 W laser marker with a 100 µm spot size will not achieve the same speed and accuracy as a 25 W marker with a smaller spot size of 50 µm.

Continuous-wave lasers emit a continuous beam of light, providing a constant power output. For example, a 50 W continuous laser consistently releases 50 joules of energy per second. They are ideal for applications requiring steady energy delivery, such as laser cutting or welding thick materials.

Pulsed lasers, on the other hand, deliver energy in pulses with brief pauses. These breaks allow the laser a chance to gather more energy before shooting out the next burst. Because of this, pulsed lasers can hit higher energy levels compared to continuous lasers.

Average power is commonly interchanged with laser power. It’s the total energy delivered by a laser in one second. A 100 W laser has an average power of 100 W, no matter whether it’s continuous or pulsed. Average power is essential for assessing the overall performance and energy consumption of a laser system.

Laser peak power is the highest laser power output that the laser can achieve in a given amount of time. To calculate the peak power, you just need to divide the pulse energy (measured in joules) by the pulse duration (measured in seconds). For instance, if you have a 1-millijoule pulse lasting 100 nanoseconds, the peak power would be at least 10,000 watts.

Power density, also called irradiance, tells us how much energy is packed into a given area. It's measured in watts per square centimetre, showing how quickly energy is transferred within a specific space (expressed in square centimetres).

To find the power density, you simply divide the laser power by the size of the beam. The power density of a beam plays a significant role in marking and processing quality and speed. As you can imagine, even "lower power" lasers can often mark, cut, or engrave faster than "higher power" systems if their beam spot is smaller, thus improving laser power density.